1 line
25 KiB
Plaintext
1 line
25 KiB
Plaintext
{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T05:24:43Z","timestamp":1677821083638},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JRFM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Economics has become an essential component of secondary school curricula in many countries as a result of the growing awareness that young adults need fundamental economic knowledge to manage their personal finances. Accordingly, an increasing number of comparative studies are being conducted of commonalities and differences in students\u2019 economic knowledge and its most decisive influencing factors within and across countries. In this study, we compare the performance of secondary school students in the United States (N = 3517) and Germany (N = 983) on the fourth version of the Test of Economic Literacy. We investigate two personal characteristics that have been found to influence the students\u2019 acquisition of economic knowledge: gender and primary language. Although these two characteristics have been considered in numerous studies of economic education in both countries, they have not been investigated together in an international comparison, which would allow more effective pedagogical approaches for economic education to be formulated. We found male students in both countries exhibited greater economic knowledge, and students whose primary language was the same as the national language performed better. We discuss implications for economic education in both countries and cross-nationally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm16030160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T06:39:21Z","timestamp":1677739161000},"page":"160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Gender and Primary Language Influence the Acquisition of Economic Knowledge of Secondary School Students in the United States and Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Happ","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, Institute of Business and Economics Education, Leipzig University, 04109 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Law, Business & Economics, Institute of Business and Economics Education, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Law, Business & Economics, Institute of Business and Economics Education, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9983-6013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Walstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics College of Business, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0489, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.20472\/TE.2015.3.3.002","article-title":"The Importance of Vocabulary in Language Learning and how to be taught","volume":"3","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Teaching and Education"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/00220485.2014.859957","article-title":"First-Year Study Success in Economics and Econometrics: The Role of Gender, Motivation, and Math Skills","volume":"45","author":"Arnold","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Gender Question in Economic Education: Is it the Teacher or the Test?","volume":"9","author":"Asarta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspectives on Economic Education Research"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/1354570042000332560","article-title":"Gender, Expectations, and Grades in Introductory Microeconomics at a US University","volume":"11","author":"Ballard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Feminist Economics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/00220485.2019.1618766","article-title":"The unequal distribution of economic education: A report on the race, ethnicity, and gender of economics majors at U.S. colleges and universities","volume":"50","author":"Bayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"17","article-title":"Economic Literacy in German Speaking Countries and the United States: First Steps to a Comparative Study","volume":"1","author":"Beck","year":"1991","journal-title":"Economia"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"195","article-title":"Mediennutzung und Medienkompetenz in jungen Lebenswelten [Media Use and Media Competence in Young Lifeworlds]","volume":"4","author":"Behrens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Media Perspektiven"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5539\/hes.v8n2p9","article-title":"Knowledge Growth, Academic Beliefs and Motivation of Students in Business and Economics\u2014A longitudinal German Case Study","volume":"8","author":"Biewen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Higher Education Studies"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.13.2.75","article-title":"Measurement invariance versus selection invariance: Is fair selection possible?","volume":"13","author":"Borsboom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"BPB (Bundeszentrale f\u00fcr Politische Bildung) (2022, December 20). Ausl\u00e4ndische Bev\u00f6lkerung [Foreign Population]. Available online: http:\/\/www.bpb.de\/nachschlagen\/zahlen-und-fakten\/soziale-situation-in-deutschland\/61622\/auslaendische-bevoelkerung."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2015.1004235","article-title":"Effect of prior economic education, native language, and gender on knowledge of first-year students in higher education. A comparative study between Germany and the USA","volume":"40","author":"Walstad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3102\/0002831215627857","article-title":"Undermatched? School-based linguistic status, college going and the immigrant advantage","volume":"53","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Education Research Journal"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"CEE (Council for Economic Education) (2023, February 13). Voluntary National Content Standards in Economics. Available online: https:\/\/www.councilforeconed.org\/policy-advocacy\/k-12-standards\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"CEE (Council for Economic Education) (2023, February 13). Survey of the States: Economic and Personal Finance Education in Our Nation\u2019s Schools. Available online: https:\/\/www.councilforeconed.org\/policy-advocacy\/survey-of-the-states\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1086\/461827","article-title":"The Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach: A Model for Linguistically Diverse Classrooms","volume":"96","author":"Chamot","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Elementary School Journal"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/0141192052000310010","article-title":"Bold, reckless and adaptable? Explaining gender differences in economic thinking and attitudes","volume":"31","author":"Davies","year":"2005","journal-title":"British Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/00220485.1983.10845013","article-title":"Gender differences in economic knowledge: A reevaluation of the evidence","volume":"14","author":"Ferber","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Foreign Office Germany (2022, December 20). Deutsch als Fremdsprache\u2013Datenerhebung [German as a Foreign Language\u2013Data Assessment]. Available online: https:\/\/www.dw.com\/downloads\/29827615\/statistik-2015-deutschlerner-weltweit.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/2047173419892209","article-title":"The relationship among gender, interest in economic topics, media use, and the economic knowledge of students at vocational schools","volume":"18","author":"Happ","year":"2019","journal-title":"Citizenship, Social and Economics Education"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"F\u00f6rster, Manuel, Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, Olga, and Happ, Roland (2015). Adapting and Validating the Test of Economic Literacy to Assess the Prior Economic Knowledge of First-Year Students in Business and Economic Studies in Germany, ASSA. Discussion paper at the Allied Social Science Association Annual Meeting."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.25162\/zbw-2017-0016","article-title":"Strukturanalyse eines kognitiven Messinstruments im Multiple Choice-Format\u2013Das Beispiel des Test of Economic Literacy (TEL4-G) [Structural Analysis of a Cognitive Multiple Choice Measuring Instrument Exemplified by the Test of Economic Literacy (TEL4-G)]","volume":"113","author":"Happ","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Berufs- und Wirtschaftsp\u00e4dagogik [Journal for Vocational and Business Education]"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"142","article-title":"English as a world language in academic writing","volume":"10","author":"Genc","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Reading Matrix"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iree.2018.06.003","article-title":"The relationship between migration background and knowledge and understanding of personal finance of young adults in Germany","volume":"30","author":"Happ","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Review of Economics Education"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Beck, Klaus, and Oser, Fritz (2021). Resultate und Probleme der Berufsbildungsforschung\u2013Festschrift f\u00fcr Susanne Weber, wbv-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/2047173416646597","article-title":"Assessing the previous economic knowledge of beginning students in Germany: Implications for teaching economics in basic courses","volume":"15","author":"Happ","year":"2016","journal-title":"Citizenship, Social and Economics Education"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2019.1640670","article-title":"How migration background affects master degree students\u2019 knowledge of business and economics","volume":"46","author":"Happ","year":"2021","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Hilbe, Joseph M., and Robinson, Andrew P. (2013). Methods of Statistical Model Estimation, Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hox, Joop J. (2010). Multilevel Analysis. Techniques and Applications, Routledge. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203852279"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"International Test Commission (2017). The ITC Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests, International Test Commission. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/00220485.1980.10844963","article-title":"Gender, Gender Stereotyping, and Socioeconomic Background as Determinants of Economic Knowledge and Learning","volume":"12","author":"Jackstadt","year":"1980","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/00220480109596112","article-title":"Pedagogy, gender, and interest in economics","volume":"32","author":"Jensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/2047173419885628","article-title":"Is economics a man\u2019s business? Exploring the long-term effects of the gender gap in economic competencies at the upper secondary level on students\u2019 choice to study economics at university","volume":"18","author":"Schumann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Citizenship, Social and Economics Education"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/00220485.2020.1804504","article-title":"Measuring economic competence of secondary school students in Germany","volume":"51","author":"Kaiser","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/17454999221081333","article-title":"Comparison of financial education and knowledge in the United States and Germany: Curriculum and assessment","volume":"17","author":"Kraitzek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research in Comparative & International Education"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"54","article-title":"Selbstwirksamkeit und Lernmotivation [Self-efficacy and motivation to learn]","volume":"44","author":"Krapp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr P\u00e4dagogik, Beiheft: Selbstwirksamkeit und Motivationsprozesse in Bildungsinstitutionen [Journal for Pedagogy, Supplement: Self-Efficacy and Motivation Processes in Educational Institutions]"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Krugman, Paul R. (2021). Economics, Macmillan International, Higher Education. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/0392192103050002002","article-title":"English as global language: Problems, dangers, opportunities","volume":"50","author":"Kushner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diogenes"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liening, Andreas (2019). \u00d6konomische Bildung [Economic Education], Springer Gabler.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-24731-7"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Bohl, Thorsten, and Kiper, Hanna (2009). Lernen aus Evaluationsergebnissen-Verbesserungen Planen und Implementieren [Learning from Evaluation Results-Planning and Implementing Improvements], Julius Klinkhardt."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/00220485.1987.10845228","article-title":"The economics student reexamined: Male-female differences in comprehension","volume":"18","author":"Lumsden","year":"1987","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Mankiw, Gregory (2020). Principles of Economics, Cengage Learning. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1515\/zfal-2012-0011","article-title":"Bildungssprache\u2013Kommunikative, epistemische, soziale und interaktive Aspekte ihres Gebrauchs [Educational language-communicative, epistemic, social and interactive aspects of its use]","volume":"57","author":"Morek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Angewandte Linguistik [Journal of Applied Linguistics]"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/00220485.2015.1106363","article-title":"Pod learning: Student groups create podcasts to achieve economics learning goals","volume":"47","author":"Moryl","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"MPI (Migration Policy Institute) (2022, December 20). English Learners in K-12 Education by State. Available online: https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/programs\/data-hub\/charts\/english-learners-k-12-education-state?width=900&height=850&iframe=true."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2307\/3588214","article-title":"The impact of English as a global language on educational policies and practices in the Asia-Pacific Region","volume":"37","author":"Nunan","year":"2003","journal-title":"TESOL Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Oberrauch, Luis, and Kaiser, Tim (2022, December 20). Economic Competence in Early Secondary School: Evidence from a Large-Scale Assessment in Germany, ZBW\u2013Leibniz Information Centre for Economics. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10419\/190763."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iree.2019.100172","article-title":"Economic Competence in Early Secondary School: Evidence From a Large-Scale Assessment in Germany","volume":"35","author":"Oberrauch","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Review of Economics Education"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyt, Gail M., and McGoldrick, KimMarie (2012). International Handbook on Teaching and Learning Economics, Edward Elgar.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781781002452"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1813-6982.2006.00054.x","article-title":"The Effect of Student Characteristics on Achievement in Introductory Microeconomics in South Africa","volume":"74","author":"Parker","year":"2006","journal-title":"South African Journal of Economics"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"226","article-title":"Gender differences in the choice of major","volume":"12","author":"Porter","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Raudenbush, Stephen W., and Bryk, Anthony S. (2002). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods, Sage."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Reusser, Kurt (2009). Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Erziehungswissenschaft. Sonderheft: Vol. 9. Perspektiven der Didaktik [Journal of Educational Science. Special Issue: Vol. 9 Perspectives of Didactics], Verlag f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaften."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/00220485.2020.1731388","article-title":"Student loan debt: A problem-based learning activity for introductory economics students","volume":"51","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164413498257","article-title":"Assessing the hypothesis of measurement invariance in the context of large-scale international surveys","volume":"74","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2020.100900","article-title":"Validity and fairness of a new entry diagnostics test in higher education economics","volume":"66","author":"Schlax","year":"2020","journal-title":"Studies in Educational Evaluation"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-006-0102-y","article-title":"Immigrants\u2019 educational disadvantage: An examination across ten countries and three surveys","volume":"20","author":"Schnepf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Population Economics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11618-019-00866-4","article-title":"Editorial: Die Beherrschung der Schriftsprache bei Kindern, Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen\u2013Befunde zur sprachlichen Grundbildung in verschiedenen Lebensphasen [Editorial: The proficiency of written language in children, adolescents and adults-Findings on basic linguistic education at different stages of life]","volume":"22","author":"Schrader","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Erziehungswissenschaft [Journal of Educational Science]"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11618-013-0459-0","article-title":"\u00d6konomische Kompetenzen von Lernenden am Ende der Sekundarstufe II [Economic competences of learners at the end of upper secondary education II]","volume":"17","author":"Schumann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Erziehungswissenschaft [Journal of Educational Science]"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wuttke, Evelin, Seifried, J\u00fcrgen, and Schumann, Stephan (2016). Research in Vocational Education: Vol. 3. Economic Competence and Financial Literacy of Young Adults. Status and Challenges, Barbara Budrich.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvbkk29d"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer, Judith D., and Willett, John B. (2003). Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195152968.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Snijders, Tom A. B., and Bosker, Roel J. (2012). Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling, Sage Publishing."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Soper, John C., and Walstad, William B. (1987). Test of Economic Literacy: Second Edition Examiner\u2019s Manual, Joint Council on Economic Education."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20181102","article-title":"Representations of men and women in introductory economics textbooks","volume":"108","author":"Stevenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"AEA Papers and Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surkamp, Carola, and Viebrock, Britta (2018). Teaching English as a Foreign Language: An Introduction, J.B. Metzler Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-476-04480-8"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022117717028","article-title":"Multidimensional measurement invariance in an international context: Fit measure performance with many groups","volume":"48","author":"Svetina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-010-9770-9","article-title":"Cross-national measurement invariance of the teacher and classmate support scale","volume":"105","author":"Torsheim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hambleton, Ronald K., Merenda, Peter F., and Spielberger, Charles D. (2004). Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessment, Erlbaum.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410611758"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/00220489709595917","article-title":"Differential item functioning and male-female difference on multiple-choice testing in economics","volume":"28","author":"Walstad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Walstad, William B., Rebeck, Ken, and Butters, Roger B. (2013). Test of Economic Literacy: Examiner\u2019s Manual, Council for Economic Education. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Walstad, William B., Watts, Michael, and Rebeck, Ken (2007). Test of Understanding in college Economics: Examiner\u2019s Manual, National Council on Economic Education. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/00220485.1991.10844700","article-title":"Economic literacy in the United Kingdom and the United States: A Comparative Study","volume":"22","author":"Whitehead","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Yoshida, Ikuko (2022, December 20). Teacher vs. Student: The Perspectives on Cognitive Skills in Foreign Language Learning. Semantic Scholar. Available online: https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/6d2e\/a26752e2e917fd5172eb82a25ff44fba2e36.pdf?_ga=2.7373617.2069763415.1587715656-219507705.1560157264."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1057\/s41307-019-00149-x","article-title":"Ethics and Fairness in Assessing Learning Outcomes in Higher Education","volume":"32","author":"Schlax","year":"2019","journal-title":"Higher Education Policy"}],"container-title":["Journal of Risk and Financial Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1911-8074\/16\/3\/160\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T08:57:05Z","timestamp":1677747425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1911-8074\/16\/3\/160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jrfm16030160"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/jrfm16030160","relation":{},"ISSN":["1911-8074"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1911-8074","type":"electronic"}],"subject":["Finance","Economics and Econometrics","Accounting","Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous)"],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]}}} |