{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T05:24:43Z","timestamp":1677821083638},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JRFM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Economics has become an essential component of secondary school curricula in many countries as a result of the growing awareness that young adults need fundamental economic knowledge to manage their personal finances. Accordingly, an increasing number of comparative studies are being conducted of commonalities and differences in students\u2019 economic knowledge and its most decisive influencing factors within and across countries. In this study, we compare the performance of secondary school students in the United States (N = 3517) and Germany (N = 983) on the fourth version of the Test of Economic Literacy. We investigate two personal characteristics that have been found to influence the students\u2019 acquisition of economic knowledge: gender and primary language. Although these two characteristics have been considered in numerous studies of economic education in both countries, they have not been investigated together in an international comparison, which would allow more effective pedagogical approaches for economic education to be formulated. We found male students in both countries exhibited greater economic knowledge, and students whose primary language was the same as the national language performed better. We discuss implications for economic education in both countries and cross-nationally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm16030160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T06:39:21Z","timestamp":1677739161000},"page":"160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Gender and Primary Language Influence the Acquisition of Economic Knowledge of Secondary School Students in the United States and Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Happ","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, Institute of Business and Economics Education, Leipzig University, 04109 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Law, Business & Economics, Institute of Business and Economics Education, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Law, Business & Economics, Institute of Business and Economics Education, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9983-6013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Walstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics College of Business, University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0489, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.20472\/TE.2015.3.3.002","article-title":"The Importance of Vocabulary in Language Learning and how to be taught","volume":"3","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Teaching and Education"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/00220485.2014.859957","article-title":"First-Year Study Success in Economics and Econometrics: The Role of Gender, Motivation, and Math Skills","volume":"45","author":"Arnold","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Gender Question in Economic Education: Is it the Teacher or the Test?","volume":"9","author":"Asarta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspectives on Economic Education Research"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/1354570042000332560","article-title":"Gender, Expectations, and Grades in Introductory Microeconomics at a US University","volume":"11","author":"Ballard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Feminist Economics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/00220485.2019.1618766","article-title":"The unequal distribution of economic education: A report on the race, ethnicity, and gender of economics majors at U.S. colleges and universities","volume":"50","author":"Bayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Education"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"17","article-title":"Economic Literacy in German Speaking Countries and the United States: First Steps to a Comparative Study","volume":"1","author":"Beck","year":"1991","journal-title":"Economia"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"195","article-title":"Mediennutzung und Medienkompetenz in jungen Lebenswelten [Media Use and Media Competence in Young Lifeworlds]","volume":"4","author":"Behrens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Media Perspektiven"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5539\/hes.v8n2p9","article-title":"Knowledge Growth, Academic Beliefs and Motivation of Students in Business and Economics\u2014A longitudinal German Case Study","volume":"8","author":"Biewen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Higher Education Studies"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.13.2.75","article-title":"Measurement invariance versus selection invariance: Is fair selection possible?","volume":"13","author":"Borsboom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"BPB (Bundeszentrale f\u00fcr Politische Bildung) (2022, December 20). 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