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{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,17]],"date-time":"2023-12-17T20:10:31Z","timestamp":1702843831635},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Language-switching costs arise when learners encode information in one language and subsequently recall that information in a different language. The assumed cognitive mechanism behind these costs is the principle of encoding specificity that implies language-dependent representations of information. The aim of our study was to test this mechanism and to gain insights into the impact of language-switching on subsequent learning. To this end, we used retrieval-based learning as a carrier-paradigm. In a 2\u00d73-design, 117 participants learned mathematical concepts with a practice-test or a restudy opportunity (within-subjects factor). In addition, the sample was divided into three groups regarding language-switching (between-subjects factor): one group without switching, one switched for the final tests, and one switched between initial learning and subsequent learning. Results show the expected main effects: participants performed better for the items learned via retrieval-based learning (testing-effect) and worse in conditions with language-switching (language-switching-costs). Most importantly, we were able to find an interaction between learning condition and language-switching: retrieval-based learning suffers particularly from language-switching. Additionally, our results indicate that language switching before subsequent learning seems to be particularly detrimental. These results provide both validation for encoding specificity as mechanism underlying language-switching costs and new information on the impact of the time of language-switching that can be considered in educational designs such as \u201cContent and Language Integrated Learning.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1198117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T06:43:16Z","timestamp":1690353796000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Language-switching and retrieval-based learning: an unfavorable combination"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Moritz","family":"Wu\u00dfing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roland H.","family":"Grabner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Saalbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654316689306","article-title":"Rethinking the Use of Tests: A Meta-Analysis of Practice Testing","volume":"87","author":"Adesope","year":"2017","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"ref1002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-012-9210-2","article-title":"The Value of Applied Research: Retrieval Practice Improves Classroom Learning and Recommendations from a Teacher, a Principal, and a Scientist","volume":"103","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Memory and metamemory considerations in the training of human beings","volume-title":"Metacognition: knowing about knowing","author":"Bjork","year":"1994","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4561.003.0011"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017021","article-title":"Cue strength as a moderator of the testing effect: the benefits of elaborative retrieval","volume":"35","author":"Carpenter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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