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One main obstacle is the lack of consensus regarding how impacts of climate change can be included in spatial conservation plans. We propose a climate\u2010smart framework that prioritizes the protection of climate refugia\u2014areas of low climate exposure and high biodiversity retention\u2014using climate metrics. We explore four aspects of climate\u2010smart conservation planning: (1) climate model ensembles; (2) multiple emission scenarios; (3) climate metrics; and (4) approaches to identifying climate refugia. We illustrate this framework in the Western Pacific Ocean, but it is equally applicable to terrestrial systems. We found that all aspects of climate\u2010smart conservation planning considered affected the configuration of spatial plans. The choice of climate metrics and approaches to identifying refugia have large effects in the resulting climate\u2010smart spatial plans, whereas the choice of climate models and emission scenarios have smaller effects. As the configuration of spatial plans depended on climate metrics used, a spatial plan based on a single measure of climate change (e.g., warming) will not necessarily be robust against other measures of climate change (e.g., ocean acidification). We therefore recommend using climate metrics most relevant for the biodiversity and region considered based on a single or multiple climate drivers. To include the uncertainty associated with different climate futures, we recommend using multiple climate models (i.e., an ensemble) and emission scenarios. Finally, we show that the approaches we used to identify climate refugia feature trade\u2010offs between: (1) the degree to which they are climate\u2010smart, and (2) their efficiency in meeting conservation targets. Hence, the choice of approach will depend on the relative value that stakeholders place on climate adaptation. By using this framework, protected areas can be designed with improved longevity and thus safeguard biodiversity against current and future climate change. We hope that the proposed climate\u2010smart framework helps transition conservation planning toward climate\u2010smart approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T10:29:23Z","timestamp":1679480963000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A metric\u2010based framework for climate\u2010smart conservation planning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1643-5557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine Camille V.","family":"Buenafe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florence Florence Italy"},{"name":"The Swire Institute of Marine Science and Area of Ecology and Biodiversity School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Everett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Environment, Queensland Biosciences Precinct (QBP) St Lucia Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Marine Science and Innovation (CMSI) The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0073-2431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac","family":"Brito\u2010Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International Arlington Virginia USA"},{"name":"Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Schoeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Futures Research Cluster, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast Maroochydore Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology Nelson Mandela University Gqeberha South Africa"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey O.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada"}]},{"given":"Alvise","family":"Dabal\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Systems Ecology and Resource Management, Department of Organism Biology, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles \u2013 ULB Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Ecology and Biodiversity, Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Biology Department Vrije Universiteit Brussel \u2013 VUB Brussels Belgium"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Neubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Cannicci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florence Florence Italy"},{"name":"The Swire Institute of Marine Science and Area of Ecology and Biodiversity School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Kaschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biometry and Environmental Systems Analysis Albert\u2010Ludwigs\u2010University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Environment, Queensland Biosciences Precinct (QBP) St Lucia Queensland Australia"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13675"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2011.01610.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Spatial Conservation Prioritization","author":"Ball I. 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