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{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T16:07:38Z","timestamp":1704902858108},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2029710"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecological Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Climate change is already having profound effects on biodiversity, but climate change adaptation has yet to be fully incorporated into area\u2010based management tools used to conserve biodiversity, such as protected areas. One main obstacle is the lack of consensus regarding how impacts of climate change can be included in spatial conservation plans. We propose a climate\u2010smart framework that prioritizes the protection of climate refugia\u2014areas of low climate exposure and high biodiversity retention\u2014using climate metrics. We explore four aspects of climate\u2010smart conservation planning: (1) climate model ensembles; (2) multiple emission scenarios; (3) climate metrics; and (4) approaches to identifying climate refugia. We illustrate this framework in the Western Pacific Ocean, but it is equally applicable to terrestrial systems. We found that all aspects of climate\u2010smart conservation planning considered affected the configuration of spatial plans. The choice of climate metrics and approaches to identifying refugia have large effects in the resulting climate\u2010smart spatial plans, whereas the choice of climate models and emission scenarios have smaller effects. As the configuration of spatial plans depended on climate metrics used, a spatial plan based on a single measure of climate change (e.g., warming) will not necessarily be robust against other measures of climate change (e.g., ocean acidification). We therefore recommend using climate metrics most relevant for the biodiversity and region considered based on a single or multiple climate drivers. To include the uncertainty associated with different climate futures, we recommend using multiple climate models (i.e., an ensemble) and emission scenarios. Finally, we show that the approaches we used to identify climate refugia feature trade\u2010offs between: (1) the degree to which they are climate\u2010smart, and (2) their efficiency in meeting conservation targets. Hence, the choice of approach will depend on the relative value that stakeholders place on climate adaptation. By using this framework, protected areas can be designed with improved longevity and thus safeguard biodiversity against current and future climate change. We hope that the proposed climate\u2010smart framework helps transition conservation planning toward climate\u2010smart approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T10:29:23Z","timestamp":1679480963000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A metric\u2010based framework for climate\u2010smart conservation planning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1643-5557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine Camille V.","family":"Buenafe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Mat
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