uni-leipzig-open-access/json/s42278-022-00155-w

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These competencies are necessary to participate in sports inside and outside of school. Children should therefore achieve age-adequate BMC in PE and any need for educational motor support should be identified at an early stage. Studies in German-speaking countries showed that various endogenous and exogenous factors are related to children\u2019s BMC, but international studies are missing. In the present cross-sectional study, the two BMC areas <jats:italic>object movement<\/jats:italic> (OM) and <jats:italic>self-movement<\/jats:italic> (SM) as well as the associations with endogenous (age, sex, body mass index) and exogenous (participation in extracurricular sports) factors were investigated in 1721 8\u2011 to 10-year-old primary school children from nine European countries. Over 25% of the children showed need for educational motor support in OM and over 20% in SM. BMC levels differed significantly between the country-specific subsamples. In all subsamples, boys showed better performances in OM, while girls scored better in SM. Older children performed better in OM and SM than younger children. Higher body mass index predicted lower BMC scores in both competence areas. Participation in ball sports was positively associated with OM and SM, and individual sports participation was a\u00a0significant predictor of SM. As exogenous and endogenous variables consistently predicted BMC in all subsamples, there must be other reasons for variation in BMC levels. Future studies should address country- and school-specific characteristics like content and amount of PE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42278-022-00155-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T15:05:51Z","timestamp":1663945551000},"page":"113-133","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating levels and determinants of primary school children\u2019s basic motor competencies in nine European countries"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9518-3249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"W\u00e4lti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Seelig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3881-6892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manolis","family":"Adamakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Colella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ar\u016bnas","family":"Emeljanovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Kossyva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Labudov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Masarykov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brigita","family":"Mie\u017eien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Remo","family":"Mombarg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Monacis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Niederkofler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Onofre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"P\u00fchse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Quit\u00e9rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9042-9104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Sallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Scheuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Vl\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Vrbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"155_CR36","volume-title":"National standards & grade-level outcomes for K-12 physical education","author":"SHAPE America","year":"2014","unstructured":"America, S.\u202fH.\u202fA.\u202fP.\u202fE. 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Study procedures were approved by the ethics committee of the respective sample regions of the partner institutions. Parents gave written informed consent. Children assented orally.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}}]}}