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Chem. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract. Clouds exhibit a wide range of vertical morphologies that\nare regulated by distinct atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics and are\nrelated to a diversity of microphysical properties and radiative effects. In\nthis study, the new CERES-CloudSat-CALIPSO-MODIS (CCCM) RelD1 dataset is\nused to investigate the morphology and spatial distribution of different\ncloud vertical structure (CVS) types during 2007\u20132010. The combined active\nand passive satellites provide a more precise CVS than those only based on passive\nimagers or microwave radiometers. We group the clouds into 12 CVS classes\nbased on how they are located or overlapping in three standard atmospheric\nlayers with pressure thresholds of 440 and 680\u2009hPa. For each of the 12 CVS\ntypes, the global average cloud radiative effects (CREs) at the top of the\natmosphere, within the atmosphere and at the surface, as well as the cloud\nheating rate (CHR) profiles are examined. The observations are subsequently\nused to evaluate the variations in total, high-, middle- and low-level cloud\nfractions in CMIP6 models. The \u201chistorical\u201d experiment during 1850\u20132014 and\ntwo scenarios (ssp245 and ssp585) during 2015\u20132100 are analyzed. The\nobservational results show a substantial difference in the spatial pattern\namong different CVS types, with the greatest contrast between high and low\nclouds. Single-layer cloud fraction is almost 4 times larger on average\nthan multi-layer cloud fraction, with significant geographic differences associated\nwith clearly distinguishable regimes, showing that overlapping clouds are\nregionally confined. The global average CREs reveal that four types of CVSs\nwarm the planet, while eight of them cool it. The longwave component drives\nthe net CHR profile, and the CHR profiles of multi-layer clouds are more\ncurved and intricate than those of single-layer clouds, resulting in complex\nthermal stratifications. According to the long-term analysis from CMIP6, the\nprojected total cloud fraction decreases faster over land than over the\nocean. The high clouds over the ocean increase significantly, but other\ntypes of clouds over land and the ocean continue to decrease, helping to offset\nthe decrease in oceanic total cloud fraction. Moreover, it is concluded that\nthe spatial pattern of CVS types may not be significantly altered by climate\nchange, and only the cloud fraction is influenced. Our findings suggest that\nlong-term observed CVS should be emphasized in the future to better\nunderstand CVS responses to anthropogenic forcing and climate change.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-8169-2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T10:39:16Z","timestamp":1689935956000},"page":"8169-8186","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Examining cloud vertical structure and radiative effects from satellite retrievals and evaluation of CMIP6 scenarios"],"prefix":"10.5194","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6648-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7057-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Quaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3145","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allan, R. 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