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However, their origin and age are still controversial. In Europe, the westernmost widespread\u00a0Chernozem\/Phaeozem area is located in Central Germany. In contrast to other German regions with anthropogenic Chernozems\/Phaeozems, their natural origin is suggested in connection with intensive bioturbation. Yet, radiocarbon is unsuitable for decoding Chernozem\/Phaeozem formation so this hypothesis remains untested, whereas single-grain luminescence dating allows to discriminate between different soil sub-processes and formation phases. We applied single-grain feldspar luminescence to a Central German Chernozem that was buried during the Bronze Age and subsequently protected from pedogenic processes. For the first time, we could directly determine timing and rate of Chernozem\/Phaeozem formation in Central Europe by dating bioturbation as the dominant soil forming process. Accordingly, Chernozem\/Phaeozem formation started at the latest in the Early Holocene prior to Neolithic settlement indicating a natural origin of Central German Chernozems\/Phaeozems, and Chernozem\/Phaeozem formation ceased around 6\u20135\u00a0ka when the regional climate became more humid. Our effective soil reworking rates show that earthworm bioturbation in Chernozems\/Phaeozems is more intense than ant-dominated bioturbation, but significantly less intense than bioturbation by lugworms or ploughing. The latter effect allows to identify prehistoric ploughing in paleosols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32005-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T12:04:15Z","timestamp":1679573055000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deciphering timing and rates of Central German Chernozem\/Phaeozem formation through high resolution single-grain luminescence dating"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hans","family":"von Suchodoletz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mike","family":"van Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Wiedner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Schunke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Reimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"32005_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2015.08.009","volume":"262","author":"K Adhikari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adhikari, K. & Hartemink, A. 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