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Population genetic markers can help to identify locally relevant anthropogenic vectors and provide insights into the processes of population dispersal and establishment. We sampled the invasive European earthworm species <jats:italic>Lumbricus terrestris<\/jats:italic> at nine sites and several bait shops within the metropolitan area of Minneapolis-St. Paul in Minnesota, USA. We used microsatellite markers to infer genetic diversity and population structure, and 16S rDNA to address multiple introduction events, including bait dumping, which is a common source of <jats:italic>L. terrestris<\/jats:italic> introductions into the wild. Our results indicate multiple introductions but not from current bait dumping. Overall, genetic structure was low and earthworms\u2009>\u20095,000\u00a0m apart were genetically differentiated, except for one sampling location, indicating jump-dispersal followed by population establishment. Further, earthworms at one location north of Minneapolis established from one or few founder individuals, suggesting that earthworm invasions are ongoing. We therefore encourage further monitoring of earthworm populations using molecular markers, in order to disentangle the different human-related vectors contributing to the spread of earthworms and their establishment, which is essential to develop adequate management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-023-03048-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T17:03:04Z","timestamp":1681405384000},"page":"2361-2375","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Population structure and genetic variance among local populations of a non-native earthworm species in Minnesota, USA"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2302-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bastian","family":"Heimburger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7497-3479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4350-9520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Scheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0371-6720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"Eisenhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2841-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ina","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3048_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-008-9320-4","volume":"11","author":"JA Addison","year":"2009","unstructured":"Addison JA (2009) Distribution and impacts of invasive earthworms in Canadian forest ecosystems. 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