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{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T08:21:53Z","timestamp":1695198113679},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695081600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Institute of Sports Science on behalf of the German Bundestag","award":["ZMVI4-070801\/19-20"]},{"name":"German Research Foundation within the program Open Access Publication Funding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n <jats:p>Performance in javelin throwing is dependent on the release speed and therefore the energy transferred to the javelin. Little is known about the flow of mechanical energy in javelin throwing and whether there is a connection to joint loading and throwing performance. The purpose of the study was therefore to investigate (1) the energy flow within the kinetic chain of the throwing arm, (2) how it is related to performance and joint loads and (3) how joint forces and torques are used to transfer, generate and absorb mechanical energy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n <jats:p>The kinematics of 10 experienced javelin throwers were recorded using a 12-camera infrared system. 16 markers were placed on the athlete\u2019s body, five on the javelin to track the movement of each segment. A segmental power analysis was carried out to calculate energy flow between upper body, upper arm, forearm and hand. Stepwise regression analysis was used to calculate the variable that best predicts release speed and joint loads.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n <jats:p>The results indicate that the higher the peak rate of energy transfer from the thorax to the humerus, the higher the release speed and the joint loads. While there were no differences between the peak rate of energy transfer in the different joints, the energy transferred differed depending on whether joint forces or torques were used. It can be further shown that higher joint torques and thus higher rotational kinetics at the shoulder are linked to higher release speeds. Thus, the movements of the upper body can be of great influence on the result in javelin throwing. Furthermore, the data show that athletes who are able to transfer more energy through the shoulder, rather than generate it, experience a smaller joint loading. An effective technique for improved energy transfer can thus help perform at the same level while lowering joint stress or have higher performance at the same joint loading.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T07:15:46Z","timestamp":1695107746000},"page":"e16081","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Energy flow in men\u2019s javelin throw and its relationship to joint load and performance"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maren","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16081\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2021-001270","article-title":"Multicomponent stretching and rubber band strengthening exercises do not reduce overuse shoulder injuries: a cluster randomised controlled trial with 579 handball athletes","volume":"8","author":"Achenbach","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16081\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.23.1.42","article-title":"Effects of upper trunk rotation on shoulder joint torque among baseball pitchers of various levels","volume":"23","author":"Aguinaldo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16081\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232596711982792","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119827924","article-title":"Segmental power analysis of sequential body motion and elbow valgus loading during baseball pitching: comparison between professional and high school baseball players","volume":"7","author":"Aguinaldo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16081\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2019.1696881","article-title":"Induced power analysis of sequential body motion and elbow valgus load during baseball pitching","volume":"21","author":"Aguinaldo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16081\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510363402","article-title":"Correlation of torque and elbow injury in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"38","author":"Anz","year":"2010","journal-title":"The American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16081\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470693797.ch20","article-title":"Javelin throwing: an approach to performance development","volume-title":"Biomechanics in sport. 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