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{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:35:38Z","timestamp":1702341338085},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vertical transmission of rubella virus (RuV) occurs at a high rate during the first trimester of pregnancy. The modes of vertical transmission including the response of trophoblasts to RuV are not well understood. Here, RuV-trophoblast interaction was studied in the BeWo trophoblast cell line. Analysis included early and late time-point kinetics of virus infection rate and the antiviral innate immune response at mRNA and protein level. BeWo characteristics were addressed through metabolic activity by extracellular flux analysis and syncytiotrophoblast formation through incubation with forskolin. We found that RuV infection of BeWo led to profuse type III interferon (IFN) production. Transfecting trophoblast cells with dsRNA analog induced an increase in the production of type I IFN-\u03b2 and type III IFNs; however, this did not occur in RuV-infected BeWo trophoblasts. IFN-\u03b2 and to a lesser extent type III IFN-\u03bb1 were inhibitory to RuV. While no significant metabolic alteration was detected, RuV infection reduced the cell number in the monolayer culture in comparison to the mock control and resulted in detached and floating cells. Syncytia formation restricted RuV infection. The use of BeWo as a relevant cell culture model for infection of trophoblasts highlights cytopathogenicity in the absence of a type I IFN response as a pathogenic alteration by RuV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T06:50:00Z","timestamp":1682578200000},"page":"7894","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dissecting Rubella Placental Infection in an In Vitro Trophoblast Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Juliane","family":"Schulz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Fabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Department II, University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-4552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Claudia","family":"Zenclussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Perinatal Immunology Research Group, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5772-2843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta","family":"Stojanovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4962-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Claus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-031413-085524","article-title":"The Placenta as a Barrier to Viral Infections","volume":"1","author":"Sadovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. 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