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Soil communities and their functions, in turn, are strongly promoted by plant diversity, and such positive effects strengthen with time. However, plant diversity effects on soil organic matter have mostly been investigated in the topsoil, and there are only very few long\u2010term studies. Thus, it remains unclear if plant diversity effects strengthen with time and to which depth these effects extend. Here, we repeatedly sampled soil to 1\u2009m depth in a long\u2010term grassland biodiversity experiment. We investigated how plant diversity impacted soil organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations and stocks and their stable isotopes <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N, as well as how these effects changed after 5, 10, and 14\u2009years. We found that higher plant diversity increased carbon and nitrogen storage in the topsoil since the establishment of the experiment. Stable isotopes revealed that these increases were associated with new plant\u2010derived inputs, resulting in less processed and less decomposed soil organic matter. In subsoils, mainly the presence of specific plant functional groups drove organic matter dynamics. For example, the presence of deep\u2010rooting tall herbs decreased carbon concentrations, most probably through stimulating soil organic matter decomposition. Moreover, plant diversity effects on soil organic matter became stronger in topsoil over time and reached subsoil layers, while the effects of specific plant functional groups in subsoil progressively diminished over time. Our results indicate that after changing the soil system the pathways of organic matter transfer to the subsoil need time to establish. In our grassland system, organic matter storage in subsoils was driven by the redistribution of already stored soil organic matter from the topsoil to deeper soil layers, for example, via bioturbation or dissolved organic matter. Therefore, managing plant diversity may, thus, have significant implications for subsoil carbon storage and other critical ecosystem services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T13:04:15Z","timestamp":1676639055000},"page":"2627-2639","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Increased soil carbon storage through plant diversity strengthens with time and extends into the subsoil"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2802-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Lange","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0371-6720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"Eisenhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle\u2010Jena\u2010Leipzig Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Biology, Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8472-6113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongmei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4616-0953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerd","family":"Gleixner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JG002400"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.29.1.535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167\u20101987(96)01100\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2007.0342"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo2380"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038\u20100717(96)00112\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100328\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1939930"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Barto\u0144 K.(2013).MuMIn: Multi\u2010model inference. 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