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Biodiversity\u2013ecosystem functioning (BEF) research has provided compelling evidence for a positive effect of biodiversity on ecosystem functions and services at the local (\u03b1\u2010diversity) scale, but we largely lack empirical evidence on how the loss of between\u2010patch \u03b2\u2010diversity affects biodiversity and multifunctionality at the landscape scale (\u03b3\u2010diversity). Here, we present a novel concept and experimental framework for elucidating BEF patterns at \u03b1\u2010, \u03b2\u2010, and \u03b3\u2010scales in real landscapes at a forest management\u2010relevant scale. We examine this framework using 22 temperate broadleaf production forests, dominated by <jats:italic>Fagus sylvatica<\/jats:italic>. In 11 of these forests, we manipulated the structure between forest patches by increasing variation in canopy cover and deadwood. We hypothesized that an increase in landscape heterogeneity would enhance the \u03b2\u2010diversity of different trophic levels, as well as the \u03b2\u2010functionality of various ecosystem functions. We will develop a new statistical framework for BEF studies extending across scales and incorporating biodiversity measures from taxonomic to functional to phylogenetic diversity using Hill numbers. We will further expand the Hill number concept to multifunctionality allowing the decomposition of \u03b3\u2010multifunctionality into \u03b1\u2010 and \u03b2\u2010components. Combining this analytic framework with our experimental data will allow us to test how an increase in between patch heterogeneity affects biodiversity and multifunctionality across spatial scales and trophic levels to help inform and improve forest resilience under climate change. Such an integrative concept for biodiversity and functionality, including spatial scales and multiple aspects of diversity and multifunctionality as well as physical and environmental structure in forests, will go far beyond the current widely applied approach in forestry to increase resilience of future forests through the manipulation of tree species composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T09:35:58Z","timestamp":1672306558000},"page":"1437-1450","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Enhancing the structural diversity between forest patches\u2014A concept and real\u2010world experiment to study biodiversity, multifunctionality and forest resilience across spatial 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National Tsing Hua University Hsin\u2010Chu Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9566-590X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Scherer\u2010Lorenzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geobotany, Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8983-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Baldrian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Praha 4 Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8177-8997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus","family":"B\u00e4ssler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biological Sciences Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Conservation Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main 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