uni-leipzig-open-access/json/fvets.2023.1272705

1 line
31 KiB
Plaintext

{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T16:45:45Z","timestamp":1696005945861},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the effect and potential adverse effects of intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) in poisoned dogs and cats over a 5\u2009years period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medical records of 313 dogs and 100 cats receiving ILE between 2016\u20132020 were analyzed for suspected toxicant, clinical signs, ILE dosages and frequency, the effect and adverse effects of ILE, and patient outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dogs and cats were poisoned with mostly unidentified toxicants (48%), rodenticides (8%), recreational drugs and nuts (7% each) and other toxicants. Clinical signs included neurologic deficits (63%), cardiovascular signs (29%), thermoregulation (21%) or gastrointestinal abnormalities (17%). Treatment with ILE was initiated within a median of 6.0\u2009h (1.0\u201391.0\u2009h) after poisoning. Dogs and cats received a total amount of median 8.0\u2009mL\/kg (1.5\u201366.6\u2009mL\/kg) and 15.8\u2009mL\/kg (1.8\u201369.4\u2009mL\/kg) ILE, respectively. A positive effect was observed in 74% of the patients, whereas clinical signs worsened in 4% of the patients after ILE administration. No subjective effect was detected in 22% of the patients. Suspected or possible adverse effects of ILE occurred in 6% of the patients, including neurological signs (temporarily reduced consciousness and ataxia), bradycardia, hyperthermia, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory distress, worsening of the general behavior, facial swelling, and thrombophlebitis. The overall survival rate was 96%. One dog who potentially experienced adverse events was euthanized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>ILE treatment was successful in most patients but can be associated with adverse effects. Administration of ILE should be carefully selected on an individual basis after weighing the possible benefits against potential adverse effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1272705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T16:59:27Z","timestamp":1695920367000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intravenous lipid emulsion for the treatment of poisonings in 313 dogs and 100 cats (2016\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Carina","family":"Markert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Romy Monika","family":"Heilmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dschaniena","family":"Kiwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Doerfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12322","article-title":"A randomized, controlled clinical trial of intravenous lipid emulsion as an adjunctive treatment for permethrin toxicosis in cats","volume":"25","author":"Peacock","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13048","article-title":"Intravenous lipid emulsion treatment in rabbits with ivermectin toxicosis","volume":"31","author":"Branco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01938365","article-title":"Influence of emulsified fat on chlorpromazine availability in rabbit blood","volume":"30","author":"Krieglstein","year":"1974","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.2510120607","article-title":"Effect of co-administration of intralipid on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in the rabbit","volume":"12","author":"Shah","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biopharm Drug Dispos"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"180","article-title":"Influence of intralipid infusion on the elimination of phenytoin","volume":"267","author":"Straathof","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199804000-00028","article-title":"Pretreatment or resuscitation with a lipid infusion shifts the dose-response to bupivacaine-induced asystole in rats","volume":"88","author":"Weinberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1053\/rapm.2003.50041","article-title":"Lipid emulsion infusion rescues dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity","volume":"41","author":"Weinberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00402.x","article-title":"Moxidectin toxicosis in a puppy successfully treated with intravenous lipids","volume":"19","author":"Crandell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12371","article-title":"Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in 20 cats accidentally overdosed with ivermectin","volume":"25","author":"Jourdan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.239.10.1328","article-title":"Use of intravenous lipid emulsion to treat ivermectin toxicosis in a border collie","volume":"239","author":"Clarke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2011.00687.x","article-title":"Intravenous fat emulsion as treatment for ivermectin toxicosis in dogs homozygous for the ABCB1-1\u0394 gene mutation","volume":"21","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2011.00657.x13","article-title":"The use of intravenous lipid emulsion as an antidote in veterinary toxicology","volume":"21","author":"Fernandez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.12.001","article-title":"Use of intravenous lipid emulsions for treating certain poisoning cases in small animals","volume":"42","author":"Gwaltney-Brant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5951","article-title":"Use of IV lipid emulsion for treatment of ivermectin toxicosis in a cat","volume":"50","author":"Kidwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1623631","article-title":"Successful treatment of permethrin toxicosis in two cats with an intravenous lipid administration","volume":"40","author":"Br\u00fcckner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztl Prax"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101036","article-title":"Lipid infusion in the management of poisoning: a report of 6 canine cases","volume":"172","author":"Bates","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12016","article-title":"Ivermectin-induced blindness treated with intravenous lipid therapy in a dog","volume":"23","author":"Epstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.61.7.702","article-title":"Intralipid microemboli","volume":"61","author":"Hulman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31819367ba","article-title":"Intralipid infusion diminishes return of spontaneous circulation after hypoxic cardiac arrest in rabbits","volume":"108","author":"Harvey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0356-1","article-title":"Complications following antidotal use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy","volume":"10","author":"Levine","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-006-9092-4","article-title":"Lipid injectable emulsions: pharmacopeial and safety issues","volume":"23","author":"Driscoll","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200108000-00012","article-title":"Effects of intravenous fat emulsions on lung function in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome or sepsis","volume":"29","author":"Suchner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Intralipid infusion compromises oxygen transport in piglets","volume":"23","author":"Hammerman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2011.12.001","article-title":"Intravenous lipid emulsion-associated catatonia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia: a case report and the role of NMDA receptor","volume":"53","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"457","article-title":"Discussion a new method for testing toxic effects of fat emulsions for intra venous administration","volume-title":"Parenteral nutrition proceedings of an international symposium, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, 38 B. D HAYES ET AL","author":"Huth","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03160965","article-title":"Intravenous fat emulsion: a potential novel antidote","volume":"4","author":"Turner-Lawrence","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Tox"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2147\/VMRR.S129576","article-title":"Treatment of severe lipophilic intoxications with intravenous lipid emulsion: a case series (2011\u20132014)","volume":"8","author":"Becker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.07.006","article-title":"Intravenous lipid emulsions in veterinary clinical toxicology","volume":"48","author":"Gwaltney-Brant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.1310432","article-title":"Ibuprofen intoxication in cats \u2013 a series of 10 cases [abstract EVECC congress 2021]","volume":"31","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0375-y","article-title":"LIPAEMIC report: results of clinical use of intravenous lipid emulsion in drug toxicity reported to an online lipid registry","volume":"10","author":"Cave","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/aap.0b013e3181c6f5aa","article-title":"Safety of high volume lipid emulsion infusion: a first approximation of LD50 in rats","volume":"35","author":"Hiller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410350521","article-title":"Neurological complications from fat emulsion therapy","volume":"35","author":"Schulz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607113482001","article-title":"Fat overload syndrome after the rapid infusion of SMOF lipid emulsion","volume":"38","author":"Hojsak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"155","article-title":"Hypertriglyceridemia and transient corneal lipidosis in a cat following intravenous lipid therapy for permethrin toxicosis","volume":"59","author":"Yuh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.10.018","article-title":"Lipid therapy for intoxications","volume":"47","author":"Robben","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1006399","article-title":"Images in clinical medicine: extravasation of peripherally administered parenteral nutrition","volume":"364","author":"Belloni","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"702","article-title":"Successful use of intravenous lipid as adjunctive therapy in a severe calcium channel antagonist poisoning","volume":"47","author":"Oakes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0187-x","article-title":"Toxicology investigators\u2019 consortium (ToxIC). Clinical experience with intravenous lipid emulsion for drug-induced cardiovascular collapse","volume":"8","author":"Geib","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.2005.25.11.1536","article-title":"Comparison of methods for intravenous infusion of fat emulsion during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"25","author":"Buck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.12.1455","article-title":"Infusion of a lipid emulsion to treat lidocaine intoxication in a cat","volume":"237","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2015.v5.i2.p113","article-title":"Intravenous lipid emulsion and dexmedetomidine for treatment of feline permethrin intoxication: a report from 4 cases","volume":"5","author":"Ceccherini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12378","article-title":"Suspected synthetic cannabinoid toxicosis in a dog","volume":"25","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.277","article-title":"Use of intravenous lipid therapy in a cat with carprofen intoxication","volume":"8","author":"Chumbler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2754\/AVB201786040379","article-title":"Successful treatment of metaldehyde toxicosis with intravenous lipid emulsion in a dog","volume":"86","author":"Lelescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet Brno"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2055116920940177","article-title":"Conventional treatment of a metaldehyde-intoxicated cat with additional use of low-dose intravenous lipid emulsion","volume":"6","author":"Bergamini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fel Med Surg Open Rep"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12934","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation on the use of hemodialysis in dogs with suspected metaldehyde poisoning (2012\u20132017): 11 cases","volume":"30","author":"Teichmann-Knorrn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2012.00804.x","article-title":"Use of intravenous lipid therapy in three cases of feline permethrin toxicosis","volume":"22","author":"Haworth","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"1253","article-title":"Intravenous lipid emulsion for treating permethrin toxicosis in a cat","volume":"55","author":"DeGroot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000663","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreccr-2018-000663","article-title":"Low-dose intra-venous lipid emulsion as a safe treatment for lipophilic intoxications in five cats","volume":"6","author":"Pelizzola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Rec Case Rep"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12440","article-title":"Persitent gross lipemia and suspected corneal lipidosis following intravenous lipid therapy in a cat with permethrin toxicosis","volume":"26","author":"Seitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12758","article-title":"Plasma cholesterol and triglycerides monitoring during intravenous lipid therapy in patients intoxicated with NSAIDs. In: Abstracts from the international veterinary emergency and critical care symposium, the European veterinary emergency and critical care annual congress, and the ACVECC VetCOT veterinary Trauma & Critical Care Conference","volume":"28","author":"Daza Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (2018)"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/s0899-9007(00)00381-6","article-title":"Lipid clearance and total parenteral nutrition: the importance of monitoring plasma lipids","volume":"16","author":"Crook","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-014-0382-7","article-title":"Asystole immediately following intravenous fat emulsion for overdose","volume":"10","author":"Cole","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annfar.2014.05.013","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome following verapamil overdose treated with intravenous lipid emulsion: a rare life-threatening complication","volume":"33","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Fr Anesth Reanim"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5614(92)90003-9","article-title":"Haematological disorders and lung alveolar macrophage function following total parenteral nutrition in rats","volume":"11","author":"Dahl","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.07.022","article-title":"Pathological consequences from the infusion of unstable lipid emulsion admixtures in Guinea pigs","volume":"24","author":"Driscoll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"13s","article-title":"Intralipid induces prostaglandin synthesis and sustained hypoxemia in the endotoxemic pig","volume":"14","author":"Beers","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1499","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1988.255.6.H1499","article-title":"Intralipid effect on normal and hypoxic remodeled rat pulmonary vasculature","volume":"255","author":"Ilkiw","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000070445.76287.6E","article-title":"Propofol does not induce pulmonary dysfunction in stressed endotoxic pigs receiving intralipid","volume":"31","author":"Ziser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7827(81)90037-0","article-title":"Pulmonary effects of intralipid: the role of intralipid as a prostaglandin precursor","volume":"20","author":"Hunt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-018-0326-1","article-title":"Putative neuromycotoxicoses in an adult male following ingestion of moldy walnuts","volume":"35","author":"Botha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1982.tb01930.x","article-title":"Intralipid induced haemolysis","volume":"50","author":"McGrath","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/014860717900300502","article-title":"Studies of the toxicity of an intravenous fat emulsion: I. Hematologic changes and survival after administration of a soybean oil (FE-S15) in beagles","volume":"3","author":"Reimold","year":"1979","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92486-l","article-title":"Fat embolism after lipid emulsion infusion","volume":"337","author":"Estebe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10587","article-title":"ASPEN PN safety committee. Update on the use of filters for parenteral nutrition: an ASPEN position paper","volume":"36","author":"Worthington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1979.01370250068014","article-title":"Postmortem findings in three patients treated with intravenous fat emulsions","volume":"114","author":"Hessov","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"A106","article-title":"Hypersensitivity to the intralipid component of total parenteral nutrition in a child with egg allergy: a review of the literature","volume":"105","author":"Lunn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607189013003318","article-title":"Hypersensitivity following lipid emulsion infusion in an adult patient","volume":"13","author":"Hiyama","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"401","article-title":"Intralipid causing adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Bass","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2005.02.011","article-title":"Lipid infusion accelerates removal of bupivacaine and recovery from bupivacaine toxicity in the isolated rat heart","volume":"31","author":"Weinberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(89)80176-9","article-title":"The effects of rate and dose of intralipid infusion on bacterial clearance and granulocytic activity of the rat","volume":"9","author":"Chu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5614(90)90034-p","article-title":"The effect of infused fat emulsions on reticuloendothelial function in the rabbit","volume":"9","author":"Davis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607106030002115","article-title":"Toxicity of a soybean oil emulsion on human lymphocytes and neutrophils","volume":"30","author":"Cury-Boaventura","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.766748","article-title":"Effect of intravenous lipid emulsion and octreotide on enteric thiopentone absorption; a pilot study","volume":"51","author":"Harvey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.778994","article-title":"An assessment of the in vivo effects of intravenous lipid emulsion on blood drug concentration and haemodynamics following oro-gastric amitriptyline overdose","volume":"51","author":"Perichon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0353-4","article-title":"Prolonged use of intravenous lipid emulsion in a severe tricyclic antidepressant overdose","volume":"10","author":"Agarwala","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e318281191b","article-title":"Life-threatening diphenhydramine toxicity presenting with seizures and a wide complex tachycardia improved with intravenous fat emulsion","volume":"21","author":"Abdelmalek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607192016002171","article-title":"Priapism in a patient treated with total parenteral nutrition","volume":"16","author":"H\u00e9buterne","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Parenter Enter Nutr"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72S","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115595979","article-title":"Past, present, and future of lipid resuscitation therapy","volume":"39","author":"Fettiplace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2016.1151528","article-title":"Lipid emulsion workgroup. Systematic review of clinical adverse events reported after acute intravenous lipid emulsion administration","volume":"54","author":"Hayes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607184008004381","article-title":"The effects of intralipid and heparin on human monocyte and lymphocyte function","volume":"8","author":"Fraser","year":"1984","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/s0899-9007(96)00386-3","article-title":"Effect of total parenteral nutrition with different lipid emulsions of human monocyte and neutrophil functions","volume":"13","author":"Waitzberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607194018005396","article-title":"Metabolic effects of long-chain and medium-chain triglyceride emulsions in humans","volume":"18","author":"Klein","year":"1994","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660.e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.08.044","article-title":"A case of fat overload syndrome after rapid infusion of SMOF lipid emulsion in an adult","volume":"35","author":"Moon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/s0195-5616(01)00007-9","article-title":"Decontamination strategies","volume":"32","author":"Rosendale","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"596","article-title":"Activated charcoal","volume":"30","author":"El Bahri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.03.010","article-title":"Emergency management and treatment of the poisoned small animal patient","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.15654\/TPK-160889","article-title":"Emergency management of intoxications in the dog and cat [article in German]","volume":"44","author":"Hassdenteufel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1053\/svms.2000.6807.2","article-title":"Emergency approach to intoxications","volume":"15","author":"Hackett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.12968\/coan.2014.19.8.433","article-title":"Emetics in the management of poisoning","volume":"19","author":"Bates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Companion Anim"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.07.010","article-title":"An overview of trends in animal poisoning cases in the United States: 2011 to 2017","volume":"48","author":"Means","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref92","volume-title":"Vergiftungen bei der Katze (Diploma thesis in German)","author":"Neumaier","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1633","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.1633","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of acute organophosphate or carbamate intoxication in 39 cats","volume":"191","author":"Klainbart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.105349","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of acute organophosphate or carbamate intoxication in 102 dogs: a retrospective study","volume":"251","author":"Klainbart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13329","article-title":"Chocolate ingestion in 156 dogs","volume":"62","author":"Weingart","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref96","volume-title":"Vergiftungen bei 142 Hunden (Diploma thesis in German)","author":"Fasse","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281.151.6.265","article-title":"Von Hanf bis Schokolade: Tiervergiftungen im Wandel der Zeit Eine retrospektive Aufarbeitung der Kasuistik des Schweizerischen Toxikologischen Informationszentrums (1997\u20132006) a retrospective study of animal poisoning reports to the Swiss toxicological information Centre (1997\u20132006) (article in German)","volume":"151","author":"Curti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1272705\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T16:59:38Z","timestamp":1695920378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1272705\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1272705"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1272705","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":["General Veterinary"],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]}}}