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{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T09:45:57Z","timestamp":1680169557385},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>CSF protein levels are altered in neurological disorders, such as hydrocephalus of different etiologies. In this retrospective observational study, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples in hydrocephalic diseases such as aqueductal stenosis (AQS, n = 27), normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH, n = 24), hydrocephalus communicans (commHC, n = 25) and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)\/pseudotumor cerebri (PC, n = 7) in comparison with neurological patients without hydrocephalic configuration (control, n = 95). CSF was obtained through CSF diversion procedures and lumbar punction and analyzed for protein concentrations according to the institution\u2019s laboratory standards. We found significantly decreased CSF protein levels in patients suffering from AQS (0.13 mg\/dL [0.1\u20130.16 mg\/dL] p = 2.28 \u00d7 10\u22128) and from PC (0.18 mg\/dL [0.12\u20130.24 mg\/dL] p = 0.01) compared with controls (0.34 mg\/dL [0.33\u20130.35 mg\/dL]). Protein levels were not altered in patients suffering from commHC and NPH compared with neurologically healthy individuals. We propose that a decrease in CSF protein levels is part of an active counterregulatory mechanism to lower CSF volume and, subsequently, intracranial pressure in specific diseases. Research regarding said mechanism and more specific proteomic research on a cellular level must still be performed to prove this hypothesis. Differences in protein levels between different diseases point to different etiologies and mechanisms in different hydrocephalic pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children10040644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T06:23:46Z","timestamp":1680157426000},"page":"644","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Concentrations in Hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Florian","family":"Wilhelmy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Merkenschlager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Childrens and Adolescence Health, Division of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Wachowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"H\u00e4rtig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul-Flechsig-Insitute for Brain Research, Liebigstra\u00dfe 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Meixensberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1827-1434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janina","family":"Gburek-Augustat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Childrens and Adolescence Health, Division of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8634-8897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Wende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-11-26","article-title":"Mechanisms of fluid movement into, through and out of the brain: Evaluation of the evidence","volume":"11","author":"Hladky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8454-5-10","article-title":"Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: New challenges in health and disease","volume":"5","author":"Johanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb. 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