uni-leipzig-open-access/json/ajp.23436

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Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis allows to assess\u00a0the dietary niches of elusive primate species and primate breastfeeding behavior. However, some fecal isotope data may unwillingly be biased toward\u00a0the isotope ratios of undigested plant matter, requiring more consistent sample preparation protocols. We assess the impact of this potential data skew in 114 fecal samples of wild bonobos (<jats:italic>Pan paniscus<\/jats:italic>) by measuring the isotope differences (\u0394<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C, \u0394<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N) between bulk fecal samples containing larger particles (&gt;1\u2009mm) and filtered samples containing only small particles (&lt;1\u2009mm). We assess the influence of fecal carbon and nitrogen content (\u0394C:N) and sample donor age (subadult, adult) on the resulting \u0394<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C, \u0394<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N values (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009228). Additionally, we measure the isotope ratios in three systematically sieved fecal samples of chimpanzees (<jats:italic>Pan troglodytes verus<\/jats:italic>), with particle sizes ranging from 20\u2009\u03bcm to 8\u2009mm (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200930). We found differences in fecal carbon and nitrogen content, with the smaller fecal fraction containing more nitrogen on average. While the \u0394<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C values were small and not affected by age or \u0394C:N, the \u0394<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N values were significantly influenced by fecal \u0394C:N, possibly resulting from the differing proportions of undigested plant macroparticles. Significant relationships between carbon stable isotope ratios (\u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C) values and %C in large fecal fractions of both age groups corroborated this assessment. \u0394<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N values were significantly larger in adults than subadults, which should be of concern in isotope studies comparing adult females with infants to assess breastfeeding. We found a random variation of up to 3.0\u2030 in \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and 2.0\u2030 in nitrogen stable isotope ratios within the chimpanzee fecal samples separated by particle sizes. We show that particle size influences isotope ratios and propose a simple, cost\u2010effective filtration method for primate feces to exclude larger undigested food particles from the analysis, which can easily be adopted by labs worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T07:04:46Z","timestamp":1665731086000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A skew in poo: Biases in primate fecal isotope analysis and recommendations for standardized sample preparation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9029-8813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicky M.","family":"Oelze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Department University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"O'Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Department University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA"}]},{"given":"Roman M.","family":"Wittig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Behavior Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Ecology and Culture Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Cognitive Sciences CNRS UMR5229 University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Bron France"}]},{"given":"Kornelius","family":"Kupczik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences University of Chile \u00d1u\u00f1oa Santiago de Chile Chile"},{"name":"Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Schulz\u2010Kornas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany"}]},{"given":"Gottfried","family":"Hohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Behavior Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Ecology and Culture Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute of Animal Behavior Konstanz Germany"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014761"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511801686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215782109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-013-9732-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/FP08216"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2388705"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2014.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22867"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/Ajpa.20253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0118-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02531.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(78)90199-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(81)90244-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.5312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1381753"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221991110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22464"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3800357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34430-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2009.17807.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1997)078[1271:SIIAEA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(98)01016-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","first-page":"755","volume-title":"International 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