1 line
No EOL
29 KiB
Groff
1 line
No EOL
29 KiB
Groff
{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T12:13:13Z","timestamp":1696939993673},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Meteorological Society","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.ametsoc.org\/PUBSReuseLicenses"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["820829"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GZ QU 311\/28-1"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315195"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014423","name":"Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19H05669"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["229771, 285003, 285013"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["820829"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["820829"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["820829"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GZ QU 311\/28-1"]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19H05669"]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The climate system responds to changes in the amount of atmospheric greenhouse gases or aerosols through rapid processes, triggered within hours and days, and through slower processes, where the full response may only be seen after centuries. In this paper, we aim to elucidate the mechanisms operating on time scales of hours to years to better understand the response of key climate quantities such as energy fluxes, temperature, and precipitation after a sudden increase in either carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), black carbon (BC), or sulfate (SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) aerosols. The results are based on idealized simulations from six global climate models. We find that the effect of changing ocean temperatures kicks in after a couple of months. Rapid precipitation reductions start occurring instantly and are established after just a few days. For BC, they constitute most of the equilibrium response. For CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>, the magnitude of the precipitation response gradually increases as surface warming\/cooling evolves, and for CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, the sign of the response changes from negative to positive after 2 years. Rapid cloud adjustments are typically established within the first 24 h, and while the magnitude of cloud feedbacks for CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> increases over time, the geographical pattern of the equilibrium cloud change is present already after the first year. While there are model differences, our work underscores the overall similarity of the major time-varying processes and responses simulated by current global models and hence the robustness of key features of simulated responses to historical and future anthropogenic forcing.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>How does the climate system respond to a change in the amount of atmospheric greenhouse gases or aerosols? Some processes are rapid, responding within hours and days. Others are slow, and the full response to a forcing of the climate may only be seen after centuries. In this paper, we use six global climate models to investigate the time scales of climate responses to carbon dioxide, black carbon, and sulfate, focusing on key climate quantities, such as temperature, precipitation, and clouds. While there are ample model differences, our work underscores the overall similarity of the major time-varying processes and responses simulated by current global models and hence the robustness of key features of simulated responses to historical and future anthropogenic forcing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1175\/jcli-d-22-0513.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T12:24:00Z","timestamp":1674735840000},"page":"3537-3551","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Time Scales of Climate Responses to Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols"],"prefix":"10.1175","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3608-9468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Camilla W.","family":"Stjern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Piers M.","family":"Forster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Hailing","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c Universit\u00e4t Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Jouan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Kasoar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"d Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Myhre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Olivi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Quaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"c Universit\u00e4t Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00d8rn H.","family":"Samset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"a CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"f Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"}]},{"given":"Apostolos","family":"Voulgarakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"f Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"},{"name":"g Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"b University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"},{"name":"d Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"12","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Tellus","first-page":"115","article-title":"On the effect of CO2 on atmospheric heating rates","volume":"31A","author":"Ackerman, T. P.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ackerman, T. P., 1979: \nOn the effect of CO2 on atmospheric heating rates. Tellus, 31A, 115\u2013123, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/tellusa.v31i2.10416."},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"224","article-title":"Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle","volume":"419","author":"Allen, M. R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Allen, M. R., and W. J. Ingram, 2002: \nConstraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle. Nature, 419, 224\u2013232, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature01092."},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"J. Climate","first-page":"2557","article-title":"A surface energy perspective on climate change","volume":"22","author":"Andrews, T.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Andrews, T., P. M. Forster, and J. M. Gregory, 2009: \nA surface energy perspective on climate change. J. Climate, 22, 2557\u20132570, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2008JCLI2759.1."},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett.","first-page":"L14701","article-title":"Precipitation, radiative forcing and global temperature change","volume":"37","author":"Andrews, T.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Andrews, T., P. M. Forster, O. Boucher, N. Bellouin, and A. Jones, 2010: \nPrecipitation, radiative forcing and global temperature change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L14701, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2010GL043991."},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys.","first-page":"13\u2009885","article-title":"Regional and seasonal radiative forcing by perturbations to aerosol and ozone precursor emissions","volume":"16","author":"Bellouin, N.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bellouin, N., and Coauthors, 2016: \nRegional and seasonal radiative forcing by perturbations to aerosol and ozone precursor emissions. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13\u2009885\u201313\u2009910, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-16-13885-2016."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Nat. Geosci.","first-page":"447","article-title":"Robust direct effect of carbon dioxide on tropical circulation and regional precipitation","volume":"6","author":"Bony, S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bony, S., G. Bellon, D. Klocke, S. Sherwood, S. Fermepin, and S. Denvil, 2013: \nRobust direct effect of carbon dioxide on tropical circulation and regional precipitation. Nat. Geosci., 6, 447\u2013451, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ngeo1799."},{"key":"bib7","author":"Boucher, O.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boucher, O., and Coauthors, 2013: Clouds and aerosols. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et\u00a0al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 571\u2013657."},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Environ. Res. Lett.","first-page":"034015","article-title":"Climate response to changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and solar irradiance on the time scale of days to weeks","volume":"7","author":"Cao, L.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cao, L., G. Bala, and K. Caldeira, 2012: \nClimate response to changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and solar irradiance on the time scale of days to weeks. Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 034015, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/3\/034015."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"Climate Dyn.","first-page":"1649","article-title":"On tropospheric adjustment to forcing and climate feedbacks","volume":"36","author":"Colman, R. A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Colman, R. A., and B. J. McAvaney, 2011: \nOn tropospheric adjustment to forcing and climate feedbacks. Climate Dyn., 36, 1649\u20131658, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00382-011-1067-4."},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"Climate Dyn.","first-page":"527","article-title":"Uncertainty in climate change projections: The role of internal variability","volume":"38","author":"Deser, C.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deser, C., A. Phillips, V. Bourdette, and H. Teng, 2012: \nUncertainty in climate change projections: The role of internal variability. Climate Dyn., 38, 527\u2013546, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00382-010-0977-x."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"J. Climate","first-page":"3079","article-title":"Understanding land\u2013sea warming contrast in response to increasing greenhouse gases. Part I: Transient adjustment","volume":"22","author":"Dong, B.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dong, B., J. M. Gregory, and R. T. Sutton, 2009: \nUnderstanding land\u2013sea warming contrast in response to increasing greenhouse gases. Part I: Transient adjustment. J. Climate, 22, 3079\u20133097, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2009JCLI2652.1."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett.","first-page":"L02703","article-title":"Carbon dioxide induced stomatal closure increases radiative forcing via a rapid reduction in low cloud","volume":"36","author":"Doutriaux-Boucher, M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Doutriaux-Boucher, M., M. J. Webb, J. M. Gregory, and O. Boucher, 2009: \nCarbon dioxide induced stomatal closure increases radiative forcing via a rapid reduction in low cloud. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02703, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2008GL036273."},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"J. Atmos. Sci.","first-page":"2265","article-title":"Stratospheric sensitivity to perturbations in ozone and carbon dioxide: Radiative and dynamical response","volume":"37","author":"Fels, S. B.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fels, S. B., J. D. Mahlman, M. D. Schwarzkopf, and R. W. Sinclair, 1980: \nStratospheric sensitivity to perturbations in ozone and carbon dioxide: Radiative and dynamical response. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2265\u20132297, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<2265:SSTPIO>2.0.CO;2."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.","first-page":"12\u2009460","article-title":"Recommendations for diagnosing effective radiative forcing from climate models for CMIP6","volume":"121","author":"Forster, P.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forster, P., and Coauthors, 2016: \nRecommendations for diagnosing effective radiative forcing from climate models for CMIP6. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 12\u2009460\u201312\u2009475, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016JD025320."},{"key":"bib14","author":"Forster, P.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Forster, P., and Coauthors, 2021: The Earth\u2019s energy budget, climate feedbacks, and climate sensitivity. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, V. Masson-Delmotte et\u00a0al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 923\u20131054."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"J. Climate","first-page":"58","article-title":"Tropospheric adjustment induces a cloud component in CO2 forcing","volume":"21","author":"Gregory, J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gregory, J., and M. Webb, 2008: \nTropospheric adjustment induces a cloud component in CO2 forcing. J. Climate, 21, 58\u201371, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2007JCLI1834.1."},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys.","first-page":"6093","article-title":"Observing the timescales of aerosol\u2013cloud interactions in snapshot satellite images","volume":"21","author":"Gryspeerdt, E.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gryspeerdt, E., T. Goren, and T. W. P. Smith, 2021: \nObserving the timescales of aerosol\u2013cloud interactions in snapshot satellite images. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6093\u20136109, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-21-6093-2021."},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"J. Geophys. Res.","first-page":"6831","article-title":"Radiative forcing and climate response","volume":"102","author":"Hansen, J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hansen, J., M. Sato, and R. Ruedy, 1997: \nRadiative forcing and climate response. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6831\u20136864, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/96JD03436."},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"J. Geophys. Res.","first-page":"D18104","article-title":"Efficacy of climate forcings","volume":"110","author":"Hansen, J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hansen, J., and Coauthors, 2005: \nEfficacy of climate forcings. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18104, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2005JD005776."},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett.","first-page":"603","article-title":"The effect of anthropogenic sulfate and soot aerosol on the clear sky planetary radiation budget","volume":"22","author":"Haywood, J. M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Haywood, J. M., and K. P. Shine, 1995: \nThe effect of anthropogenic sulfate and soot aerosol on the clear sky planetary radiation budget. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 603\u2013606, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/95GL00075."},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Climate Dyn.","first-page":"3007","article-title":"Tropospheric adjustment to increasing CO2: Its timescale and the role of land\u2013sea contrast","volume":"41","author":"Kamae, Y.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kamae, Y., and M. Watanabe, 2013: \nTropospheric adjustment to increasing CO2: Its timescale and the role of land\u2013sea contrast. Climate Dyn., 41, 3007\u20133024, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00382-012-1555-1."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Curr. Climate Change Rep.","first-page":"103","article-title":"Rapid adjustments of cloud and hydrological cycle to increasing CO2: A review","volume":"1","author":"Kamae, Y.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamae, Y., M. Watanabe, T. Ogura, M. Yoshimori, and H. Shiogama, 2015: \nRapid adjustments of cloud and hydrological cycle to increasing CO2: A review. Curr. Climate Change Rep., 1, 103\u2013113, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40641-015-0007-5."},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett.","first-page":"1432","article-title":"Hydrological sensitivity to greenhouse gases and aerosols in a global climate model","volume":"40","author":"Kvalev\u00e5g, M. M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kvalev\u00e5g, M. M., B. H. Samset, and G. Myhre, 2013: \nHydrological sensitivity to greenhouse gases and aerosols in a global climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1432\u20131438, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/grl.50318."},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"J. Climate","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Changes of the tropical tropopause layer under global warming","volume":"30","author":"Lin, P.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin, P., D. Paynter, Y. Ming, and V. Ramaswamy, 2017: \nChanges of the tropical tropopause layer under global warming. J. Climate, 30, 1245\u20131258, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0457.1."},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys.","first-page":"3235","article-title":"Total aerosol effect: Radiative forcing or radiative flux perturbation?","volume":"10","author":"Lohmann, U.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lohmann, U., and Coauthors, 2010: \nTotal aerosol effect: Radiative forcing or radiative flux perturbation? Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3235\u20133246, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-10-3235-2010."},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"J. Atmos. Sci.","first-page":"241","article-title":"Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity","volume":"24","author":"Manabe, S.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Manabe, S., and R. T. Wetherald, 1967: \nThermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity. J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 241\u2013259, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1967)024<0241:TEOTAW>2.0.CO;2."},{"key":"bib27","author":"Myhre, G.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Myhre, G., and Coauthors, 2013: Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et\u00a0al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 659\u2013740."},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.","first-page":"1185","article-title":"PDRMIP: A Precipitation Driver and Response Model Intercomparison Project\u2014Protocol and preliminary results","volume":"98","author":"Myhre, G.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Myhre, G., and Coauthors, 2017: \nPDRMIP: A Precipitation Driver and Response Model Intercomparison Project\u2014Protocol and preliminary results. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98, 1185\u20131198, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0019.1."},{"key":"bib29","series-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett.","first-page":"11\u2009399","article-title":"Quantifying the importance of rapid adjustments for global precipitation changes","volume":"45","author":"Myhre, G.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Myhre, G., and Coauthors, 2018: \nQuantifying the importance of rapid adjustments for global precipitation changes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 11\u2009399\u201311\u2009405, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2018GL079474."},{"key":"bib30","series-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.","first-page":"2080","article-title":"A prospectus for constraining rapid cloud adjustments in general circulation models","volume":"10","author":"Nam, C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nam, C., P. K\u00fchne, M. Salzmann, and J. Quaas, 2018: \nA prospectus for constraining rapid cloud adjustments in general circulation models. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 10, 2080\u20132094, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2017MS001153."},{"key":"bib31","series-title":"Surv. Geophys.","first-page":"585","article-title":"Energetic constraints on precipitation under climate change","volume":"33","author":"O\u2019Gorman, P. A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"O\u2019Gorman, P. A., R. P. Allan, M. P. Byrne, and M. Previdi, 2012: \nEnergetic constraints on precipitation under climate change. Surv. Geophys., 33, 585\u2013608, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10712-011-9159-6."},{"key":"bib32","series-title":"J. Climate","first-page":"8813","article-title":"Role of cloud feedback in continental warming response to CO2 physiological forcing","volume":"34","author":"Park, S.-W.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park, S.-W., J.-S. Kug, S.-Y. Jun, S.-J. Jeong, and J.-S. Kim, 2021: \nRole of cloud feedback in continental warming response to CO2 physiological forcing. J. Climate, 34, 8813\u20138828, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-21-0025.1."},{"key":"bib33","series-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.","first-page":"12\u2009824","article-title":"Efficacy of climate forcings in PDRMIP models","volume":"124","author":"Richardson, T. B.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Richardson, T. B., and Coauthors, 2019: \nEfficacy of climate forcings in PDRMIP models. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, 12\u2009824\u201312\u2009844, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019JD030581."},{"key":"bib34","series-title":"J. Climate","first-page":"6608","article-title":"Why does aerosol forcing control historical global-mean surface temperature change in CMIP5 models?","volume":"28","author":"Rotstayn, L. D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rotstayn, L. D., M. A. Collier, D. T. Shindell, and O. Boucher, 2015: \nWhy does aerosol forcing control historical global-mean surface temperature change in CMIP5 models? J. Climate, 28, 6608\u20136625, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00712.1."},{"key":"bib35","series-title":"Sci. Adv.","first-page":"e1501572","article-title":"Global warming without global mean precipitation increase?","volume":"2","author":"Salzmann, M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Salzmann, M., 2016: \nGlobal warming without global mean precipitation increase? Sci. Adv., 2, e1501572, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.1501572."},{"key":"bib36","series-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett.","first-page":"L24802","article-title":"Vertical dependence of black carbon, sulphate and biomass burning aerosol radiative forcing","volume":"38","author":"Samset, B. H.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Samset, B. H., and G. Myhre, 2011: \nVertical dependence of black carbon, sulphate and biomass burning aerosol radiative forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L24802, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011GL049697."},{"key":"bib37","series-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett.","first-page":"2782","article-title":"Fast and slow precipitation responses to individual climate forcers: A PDRMIP multimodel study","volume":"43","author":"Samset, B. H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Samset, B. H., and Coauthors, 2016: \nFast and slow precipitation responses to individual climate forcers: A PDRMIP multimodel study. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 2782\u20132791, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016GL068064."},{"key":"bib38","series-title":"Nat. Geosci.","first-page":"582","article-title":"Emerging Asian aerosol patterns","volume":"12","author":"Samset, B. H.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Samset, B. H., M. T. Lund, M. Bollasina, G. Myhre, and L. Wilcox, 2019: \nEmerging Asian aerosol patterns. Nat. Geosci., 12, 582\u2013584, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41561-019-0424-5."},{"key":"bib39","series-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.","first-page":"217","article-title":"Adjustments in the forcing\u2013feedback framework for understanding climate change","volume":"96","author":"Sherwood, S. C.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sherwood, S. C., S. Bony, O. Boucher, C. Bretherton, P. M. Forster, J. M. Gregory, and B. Stevens, 2015: \nAdjustments in the forcing\u2013feedback framework for understanding climate change. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96, 217\u2013228, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00167.1."},{"key":"bib40","series-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys.","first-page":"9591","article-title":"Effective radiative forcing and adjustments in CMIP6 models","volume":"20","author":"Smith, C. J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith, C. J., and Coauthors, 2020: \nEffective radiative forcing and adjustments in CMIP6 models. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9591\u20139618, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-20-9591-2020."},{"key":"bib41","series-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys.","first-page":"13\u2009579","article-title":"Global and regional radiative forcing from 20% reductions in BC, OC and SO4\u2014An HTAP2 multi-model study","volume":"16","author":"Stjern, C. W.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stjern, C. W., and Coauthors, 2016: \nGlobal and regional radiative forcing from 20% reductions in BC, OC and SO4\u2014An HTAP2 multi-model study. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13\u2009579\u201313\u2009599, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-16-13579-2016."},{"key":"bib42","series-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.","first-page":"11\u2009462","article-title":"Rapid adjustments cause weak surface temperature response to increased black carbon concentrations","volume":"122","author":"Stjern, C. W.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stjern, C. W., and Coauthors, 2017: \nRapid adjustments cause weak surface temperature response to increased black carbon concentrations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 122, 11\u2009462\u201311\u2009481, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017JD027326."},{"key":"bib43","series-title":"Int. J. Climatol.","first-page":"1156","article-title":"Fast responses of climate system to carbon dioxide, aerosols and sulfate aerosols without the mediation of SST in the CMIP5","volume":"37","author":"Tian, D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tian, D., W. Dong, D. Gong, Y. Guo, and S. Yang, 2017: \nFast responses of climate system to carbon dioxide, aerosols and sulfate aerosols without the mediation of SST in the CMIP5. Int. J. Climatol., 37, 1156\u20131166, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joc.4763."},{"key":"bib44","series-title":"J. Climate","first-page":"787","article-title":"Understanding the atmospheric temperature adjustment to CO2 perturbation at the process level","volume":"33","author":"Wang, Y.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Y., and Y. Huang, 2020: \nUnderstanding the atmospheric temperature adjustment to CO2 perturbation at the process level. J. Climate, 33, 787\u2013803, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-19-0032.1."},{"key":"bib45","series-title":"Nat. Climate Change","first-page":"735","article-title":"Strong control of effective radiative forcing by the spatial pattern of absorbing aerosol","volume":"12","author":"Williams, A. I. L.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams, A. I. L., P. Stier, G. Dagan, and D. Watson-Parris, 2022: \nStrong control of effective radiative forcing by the spatial pattern of absorbing aerosol. Nat. Climate Change, 12, 735\u2013742, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-022-01415-4."},{"key":"bib46","series-title":"Climate Dyn.","first-page":"277","article-title":"Changes in clouds and atmospheric circulation associated with rapid adjustment induced by increased atmospheric CO2: A multiscale modeling framework study","volume":"55","author":"Xu, K.-M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, K.-M., Z. Li, A. Cheng, and Y. Hu, 2020: \nChanges in clouds and atmospheric circulation associated with rapid adjustment induced by increased atmospheric CO2: A multiscale modeling framework study. Climate Dyn., 55, 277\u2013293, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00382-018-4401-2."},{"key":"bib47","series-title":"J. Climate","first-page":"5007","article-title":"Contributions of different cloud types to feedbacks and rapid adjustments in CMIP5","volume":"26","author":"Zelinka, M. D.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zelinka, M. D., S. A. Klein, K. E. Taylor, T. Andrews, M. J. Webb, J. M. Gregory, and P. M. Forster, 2013: \nContributions of different cloud types to feedbacks and rapid adjustments in CMIP5. J. Climate, 26, 5007\u20135027, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00555.1."}],"container-title":["Journal of Climate"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/clim\/36\/11\/JCLI-D-22-0513.1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/clim\/36\/11\/JCLI-D-22-0513.1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/clim\/36\/11\/JCLI-D-22-0513.1.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T15:28:25Z","timestamp":1696865305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/clim\/36\/11\/JCLI-D-22-0513.1.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1175\/jcli-d-22-0513.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-8755","1520-0442"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-8755","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-0442","type":"electronic"}],"subject":["Atmospheric Science"],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}} |