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In addition, the elevated stratopause (ES) event occurrence, their main characteristics, and driving mechanisms in the UA\u2010ICON model are examined using three 30\u2010year time\u2010slice experiments. While UA\u2010ICON reasonably simulates the large\u2010scale stratopause properties similar to MLS observations, at polar latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere the stratopause is \u223c8\u00a0K warmer and \u223c3\u00a0km higher than observed. A time lag of about two months also exists in the occurrence of the tropical semiannual oscillation of the stratopause compared to the observations. ES events occur in \u223c20% of the boreal winters, after major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs). Compared to the SSWs not followed by ES events (SSW\u2010only), the ES events are associated with the persistent tropospheric forcing and prolonged anomalies of the stratospheric jet. Our modeling results suggest that the contributions of both gravity waves (GW)s and resolved waves are important in explaining the enhanced residual circulation following ES events compared to the SSW\u2010only events but their contributions vary through the lifetime of ES events. We emphasize the role of the resolved wave drag in the ES formation as in the sensitivity test when the non\u2010orographic GW drag is absent, the anomalously enhanced resolved wave forcing in the mesosphere gives rise to the formation of the elevated stratopause at about 85\u00a0km.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2022jd037907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T09:21:00Z","timestamp":1680686460000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Climatology of Elevated Stratopause Events in the UA\u2010ICON Model and the Contribution of Gravity Waves"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"128","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0870-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalil","family":"Karami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Meteorology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Borchert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutscher Wetterdienst Offenbach am Main Germany"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Eichinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft\u2010 und Raumfahrt (DLR) Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University Prague Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7878-0110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Jacobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Meteorology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}]},{"given":"Ales","family":"Kuchar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Meteorology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Mehrdad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Meteorology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5034-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Pisoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University Prague Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Sacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University Prague Czech Republic"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710042602"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-12-3541-2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2014.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50123"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50373"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3996.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ066i001p00083"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016840"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060501"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"ECMWF. 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