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{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T10:14:47Z","timestamp":1699784087835},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Games"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electoral thresholds in the context of parliamentary elections are an instrument for preventing the fragmentation of parliaments and facilitate the formation of a coalition government. However, the clauses also introduce distortions and modify the equality of electoral votes in an election. In order to decide to what extent these negative effects can be accepted, it is necessary to measure the difficulties in forming a coalition government and to quantify the effects of electoral thresholds on these difficulties. For this issue, we introduce a concept based on cooperative game theory which takes into account the distribution of seats in parliament and coalition statements of parties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/g14020032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T14:19:33Z","timestamp":1680272373000},"page":"32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Measuring the Difficulties in Forming a Coalition Government"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9798-8083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Hiller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microeconomics, University Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Grundgesetz und Sperrklausel: 30 Jahre 5%-Quorum\u2014Lehre aus Weimar?","volume":"11","author":"Antoni","year":"1980","journal-title":"Z. Parlam."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"393","article-title":"Wie wirksam sperren Sperrklauseln? Die Auswirkung von Prozenth\u00fcrden auf die Parteienzahl im Bundestag und im internationalen Vergleich","volume":"23","author":"Krumm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Z. Polit."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"460","article-title":"Ist die F\u00fcnf-Prozent-Sperrklausel noch zeitgem\u00e4\u00df? Verfassungsrechtliche und -politische Argumente f\u00fcr die Einf\u00fchrung einer Ersatzstimme bei Landtags- und Bundestagswahlen","volume":"47","author":"Decker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Z. Parlam."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bundesverfassungsgericht (2023, March 20). BVerfGE 82. Available online: http:\/\/www.servat.unibe.ch\/dfr\/bv082322.html."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bundesverfassungsgericht (2023, March 20). 2 BvC 4\/10. Available online: https:\/\/www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de\/SharedDocs\/Entscheidungen\/DE\/2011\/11\/cs20111109_2bvc000410.html."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Bundesverfassungsgericht (2023, March 20). 2 BvE 2\/13. Available online: https:\/\/www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de\/SharedDocs\/Entscheidungen\/EN\/2014\/02\/es20140226_2bve000213en.html."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2015.1078449","article-title":"Excluded coalitions and the distribution of power in parliaments","volume":"48","author":"Hiller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"307","article-title":"A Value for N-Person Games","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Kuhn","year":"1953","journal-title":"Contributions to the Theory of Games"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1287\/moor.2.3.225","article-title":"Graphs and Cooperation in Games","volume":"2","author":"Myerson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Math. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2013.06.011","article-title":"Spectrum value for
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