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Changes in hot extremes are often determined on the basis of air temperatures; however, hydrology and many biogeochemical processes are more sensitive to soil temperature. Here we show that soil hot extremes are increasing faster than air hot extremes by 0.7\u2009\u00b0C per decade in intensity and twice as fast in frequency on average over Central Europe. Furthermore, we identify soil temperature as a key factor in the soil moisture\u2013temperature feedback. During dry and warm conditions, the energy absorbed by the soil is used to warm the soil, increasing the release of sensible heat flux and surface air temperatures. This increase in surface air temperature leads to a higher atmospheric demand for water, increasing soil evaporation, which may further dry and warm the soil highlighting the contribution of soil moisture\u2013temperature feedback to the evolution of hot extremes in a warming climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-023-01812-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T16:02:40Z","timestamp":1695312160000},"page":"1237-1241","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Soil heat extremes can outpace air temperature extremes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1333-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almudena","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1577-671X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Jos\u00e9","family":"Cuesta-Valero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6186-5751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego G.","family":"Miralles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3031-613X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel D.","family":"Mahecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7057-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Quaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5736-1112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Reichstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6045-1629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Zscheischler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4071-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1812_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201224","volume":"332","author":"D Barriopedro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barriopedro, D., Fischer, E. 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