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This hypothesis assumes that specialized pathogenic and mutualistic fungal communities gradually assemble over time, enhancing plant growth more in species\u2010rich than in species\u2010poor plots. To test this hypothesis, we used high\u2010throughput amplicon sequencing to characterize root\u2010associated fungal communities in experimental grasslands of 1 and 15\u2009years of age with varying levels of plant species richness. Specifically, we tested whether the relationship between fungal communities and plant richness and productivity becomes stronger with the age of the experimental plots. Our results showed that fungal diversity increased with plant diversity, but this relationship weakened rather than strengthened over the two time points. Contrastingly, fungal community composition showed increasing associations with plant diversity over time, suggesting a gradual build\u2010up of specific fungal assemblages. Analyses of different fungal guilds showed that these changes were particularly marked in pathogenic fungi, whose shifts in relative abundance are consistent with the pathogen dilution hypothesis in diverse plant communities. Our results suggest that root\u2010associated fungal pathogens play more specific roles in determining the diversity\u2013productivity relationship than other root\u2010associated plant symbionts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T03:15:26Z","timestamp":1682046926000},"page":"3763-3777","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The structure of root\u2010associated fungal communities is related to the long\u2010term effects of plant diversity on productivity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7174-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose G.","family":"Maci\u00e1\u2010Vicente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Wageningen University &amp; Research  Wageningen The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6572-3574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Francioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Crop Physiology, Institute of Crop Science University of Hohenheim  Stuttgart Germany"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Weigelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology Leipzig University  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle\u2010Jena\u2010Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Albracht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Biodiversity, Department of Biology Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Buscot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle\u2010Jena\u2010Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Soil Ecology Department Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research (UFZ)  Halle (Saale) Germany"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Ebeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution Friedrich\u2010Schiller\u2010University Jena  Jena Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0371-6720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"Eisenhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle\u2010Jena\u2010Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution Friedrich\u2010Schiller\u2010University Jena  Jena Germany"}]},{"given":"Justus","family":"Hennecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology Leipzig University  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle\u2010Jena\u2010Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Heintz\u2010Buschart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0003-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasper","family":"van Ruijven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Wageningen University &amp; Research  Wageningen The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3775-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liesje","family":"Mommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Wageningen University &amp; Research  Wageningen The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204498"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102745.14012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658\u2010018\u20101573\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates D. 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