{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T06:04:02Z","timestamp":1706076242191},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial endometritis is one of the major problems in equine reproduction and usually treated with antimicrobial drugs. The study aimed to compare the effects of intrauterine ozone application and systemic antibiotic treatment (trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine) on intrauterine bacterial growth and possible side effects on the endometrium in a clinical setting. Mares (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 30) with signs of endometritis (positive uterine bacterial culture and cytological findings) were assigned randomly to different treatments: intrauterine insufflation of an ozone-air-mix (240 ml, 80 \u03bcg ozone\/ml) twice at a 48 h-interval (Ozone; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10), systemic antibiotic therapy with trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine (30 mg\/kg, p.o., twice daily) for 5 days (TMS; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10), or intrauterine insufflation of air (240 ml, sterile-filtered) twice at a 48 h-interval (air; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10). Endometrial biopsy for histological examination was obtained before the treatment. Histological examination revealed no differences among groups. A control examination, including transrectal ultrasound, bacterial culture, cytological evaluation, and biopsy, was performed 7 days after the last treatment. Overall bacterial growth was reduced in every group after the treatment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), irrespective of the therapy [Ozone: 4\/9 (positive culture after treatment\/number of mares), TMS: 3\/10 and Air: 6\/10; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05]. However, Ozone and TMS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) were more effective in reducing growth of gram-negative bacteria as compared to Air (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). No effects on the number of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (cytology) were observed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). In conclusion, trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine and intrauterine ozone insufflation are safe treatment options for bacterial endometritis in mares but the efficacy of both treatments in reducing bacterial growth did not result in a complete absence of intrauterine bacterial growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1102149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T05:39:47Z","timestamp":1674797987000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of systemic trimethoprim-sulfadimethoxine treatment and intrauterine ozone application as possible therapies for bacterial endometritis in equine practice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"K\u00f6hne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Hofbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Denny","family":"B\u00f6ttcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna","family":"T\u00f6nissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"G\u00f6rgens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reiner","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Sieme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.006","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of endometritis in the mare: a review","volume":"66","author":"Hurtgen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.05.050","article-title":"Relationships between uterine culture, cytology and pregnancy rates in a thoroughbred practice","volume":"68","author":"Riddle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01485.x","article-title":"Clinical and subclinical endometritis in the mare: both threats to fertility","volume":"44","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Dom Anim."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2010.01634.x","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic infectious and post\u2013mating-induced endometritis in the mare","volume":"5","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod Dom Anim."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2016.08.001","article-title":"Endometritis diagnostic tools for infectious endometritis","volume":"32","author":"Ferris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R95","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-19-0478","article-title":"Equine endometritis: a review of challenges and new approaches","volume":"160","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reproduction."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2746\/095777308X357621","article-title":"The current status of antibiotic use in equine reproduction","volume":"21","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.02.030","article-title":"Ceftiofur derivates in serum and endometrial tissue after intramuscular administration in healthy mares","volume":"74","author":"Witte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12192","article-title":"Endometrial tissue and blood plasma concentration of ceftiofur and metabolites following intramuscular administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid to mares","volume":"46","author":"Scofield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet J."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.05.160","article-title":"Concentrations of gentamicin in serum, intrauterine fluid, and endometrial tissue after intravenous administration in healthy mares","volume":"66","author":"Witte","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00547","article-title":"Diagnostic and treatment practices of equine endometritis\u2014a questionnaire","volume":"7","author":"K\u00f6hne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.02.022","article-title":"Concentrations of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim in blood and endometrium of mares after administration of an oral suspension","volume":"67","author":"Davolli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2016.08.002","article-title":"Endometritis: nontraditional therapies","volume":"32","author":"Scoggin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(93)77702-4","article-title":"A comparison of ozonation and chlorination for the disinfection of stainless steel surfaces","volume":"76","author":"Greene","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2003.10.014","article-title":"Use of ozone in the food industry","volume":"37","author":"Guzel-Seydim","year":"2004","journal-title":"LWT \u2013 Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2007.11.008","article-title":"The application of ozone in dentistry: a systematic review of literature","volume":"36","author":"Azarpazhooh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Dent."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.62.681","article-title":"Intramammary application of ozone therapy to acute clinical mastitis in dairy cows","volume":"62","author":"Ogata","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2015.05.017","article-title":"Prophylaxis and therapeutic potential of ozone in buiatrics: current knowledge","volume":"159","author":"uri\u010di\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103800","article-title":"Use low ozone dosages has positive effects on the cooling and cryopreservation of equine semen","volume":"108","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13958","article-title":"Endometrial angiogenesis induced by uterine insufflation with an oxygen\u2013ozone gas mixture in mares","volume":"56","author":"Camargo Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Dom Anim."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.02.003","article-title":"In vitro biofilm disruption and bacterial killing using nonantibiotic compounds against gram-negative equine uterine pathogens","volume":"53","author":"Loncar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103900","article-title":"Effectiveness of ozone therapy in the treatment of endometritis in mares","volume":"112","author":"\u00c1vila","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7216-9540-2.50073-6","article-title":"Endometrial cytology","volume-title":"Current Therapy in Equine Medicine","author":"Dascanio","year":"2003"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"723","article-title":"Equine endometrial biopsy","volume-title":"Current Therapy in Theriogenology","author":"Kenney","year":"1986"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM19920603","article-title":"Uterusbiopsien als hilfsmittel f\u00fcr diagnose und prognose von fertilit\u00e4tsst\u00f6rungen der stute","volume":"8","author":"Schoon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.09.008","article-title":"Diagnostic double-guarded low-volume uterine lavage in mares","volume":"83","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20170210","article-title":"Accuracy of different endometrial swabbing techniques in the mare","volume":"33","author":"Spilker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"1745","article-title":"Medical problems of adult horses, as ranked by equine practitioners","volume":"198","author":"Traub-Dargatz","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041432","article-title":"Persistent breeding-induced endometritis in mares\u2014a multifaceted challenge: from clinical aspects to immunopathogenesis and pathobiology","volume":"21","author":"Canisso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105413","article-title":"Temporal efficacy of antimicrobials against aerobic bacteria isolated from equine endometritis: an Italian retrospective analysis (2010\u20132017)","volume":"185","author":"Pisello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051476","article-title":"Microbial prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity in equine endometritis in field conditions","volume":"11","author":"D\u00edaz-Bertrana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010025","article-title":"Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Streptococcus equi subsp","volume":"11","author":"Nocera","year":"2022","journal-title":"zooepidemicus strains isolated from mares with fertility problems. Antibiotics."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.5380\/avs.v1i1.81197","article-title":"Safety of uterine lavage with ozonated saline in mares","volume":"27","author":"Polesso Mazzuchini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Vet Sci"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"279","article-title":"Studies on the pathogenesis of endometritis in the mare","author":"Peterson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Proc 15th Ann Conv Am Assoc Eq Pract"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.07.008","article-title":"Presence of bacteria on the external genitalia of healthy stallions and its transmission to the mare at the time of breeding by live cover","volume":"34","author":"Cerny","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-020518-115227","article-title":"Tolerance and innate immunity shape the development of postpartum uterine disease and the impact of endometritis in dairy cattle","volume":"7","author":"Sheldon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anim Biosci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.08.018","article-title":"The evaluation of biofilm-forming potential of Escherichia coli collected form the equine female reproductive tract","volume":"35","author":"Beehan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.10.082","article-title":"Evaluation of biofilms in gram-negative bacteria from the equine uterus","volume":"34","author":"Ferris","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.12.002","article-title":"Comparison of three diagnostic methods to identify subclinical endometritis in mares","volume":"75","author":"Overbeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12194","article-title":"Comparison of equine endometrial cytology samples collected with uterine swab, uterine brush, and low-volume lavage from healthy mares","volume":"43","author":"Bohn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2009.11.006","article-title":"Diagnosis of endometritis in the mare based on bacteriological and cytological examinations of the endometrium: comparison of results obtained by swabs and biopsies","volume":"30","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20140104","article-title":"Endometrial health and disease in the mare: comparison of histopathological findings and microbiological results of two different culture methods (uterine swab and endometrial tissue)","volume":"30","author":"Sch\u00f6niger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2016.06.002","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic methods in equine endometritis","volume":"16","author":"Katila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Biol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0737-0806(06)81012-9","article-title":"The effects of dexamethasone sodium phosphate on mares with experimentally-induced endometritis","volume":"13","author":"McDonnell","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12131","article-title":"Investigations on the endometrial response to intrauterine administration of N-acetylcysteine in oestrous mares","volume":"48","author":"Melkus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Dom Anim."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.103023","article-title":"Effects of hysteroscopic and uterine body insemination on the presence of selected immune cells in the equine endometrium","volume":"90","author":"K\u00f6hne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.09.010","article-title":"Can sperm selection, inseminating dose, and artificial insemination technique influence endometrial inflammatory response in mares?","volume":"73","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-12-27","article-title":"Comparison of the biopsy and cytobrush techniques for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in mares","volume":"12","author":"Buczkowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1102149\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T05:39:55Z","timestamp":1674797995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1102149\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1102149"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1102149","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":["General Veterinary"],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]}}}