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A leading theory for explaining such a relationship is warm\u2010phase invigoration, in which cloudy updrafts that are more polluted more readily condense water vapor onto liquid drops, thereby releasing latent heat faster, leading to higher buoyancies and higher updraft speeds. For this mechanism to work, water\u2010vapor supersaturations well in excess of 1% must be typical of relatively unpolluted cloudy updrafts. Here, the supersaturation is calculated from in situ observations of warm\u2010phase cloudy updrafts over the Amazon. Instead of values well in excess of 1%, the typical values are found to be around 0.2%. These observations imply that cleaner preindustrial air might have generated supersaturations around 1%, but those are still too low for warm\u2010phase invigoration to have any practically significant impact on cloud buoyancy and updraft speeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2022gl100409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T19:13:21Z","timestamp":1673291601000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Air Pollution Unable to Intensify Storms via Warm\u2010Phase Invigoration"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-5175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Romps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Science University of California Berkeley CA USA"},{"name":"Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Latimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oakland CA USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2173-4014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qindan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Science University of California Berkeley CA USA"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4898-8989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Jurkat\u2010Witschas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Physik der Atmosph\u00e4re Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft\u2010 und Raumfahrt (DLR) Oberpfaffenhofen Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2606-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Mahnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK8 Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH J\u00fclich Germany"}]},{"given":"Thara","family":"Prabhakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune India"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Weigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4652-5561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfred","family":"Wendisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences Leipzig Institute for Meteorology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc5181"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136529"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-7365-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-14433-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Atmospheric convection","author":"Emanuel K. 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